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Ana Sayfa / Christopher Want Minimalism Grove Art Online Oxford University Press 2009

Christopher Want Minimalism Grove Art Online Oxford University Press 2009

Yorum Gönder

Movements in diverse forms of art and design

Minimalism

DonaldֹJudd IMJ.JPG

SANAA, Zollverein School of Management and Design, Essen (4606034520).jpg

4A, Strada Dimitrie Racoviță, Bucharest (Romania).jpg

Elevation: Untitled, past Donald Judd, concrete sculpture, 1991, Israel Museum
Heart: The SANAA Building [de] Essen, Germany, 2005–2006, by SANAA
Bottom: House no. 4A on Strada Dimitrie Racoviță, Bucharest, Romania, probably late 2010s, unknown architect
Years active 1960s–present

In visual arts, music, and other media, minimalism is an art motion that began in mail–World War II Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early on 1970s. Prominent artists associated with minimalism include Donald Judd, Agnes Martin, Dan Flavin, Carl Andre, Robert Morris, Anne Truitt, and Frank Stella.[one] [2] The move is often interpreted every bit a reaction confronting abstract expressionism and modernism; it anticipated contemporary postminimal art practices, which extend or reflect on minimalism's original objectives.

Minimalism in music often features repetition and gradual variation, such as the works of La Monte Immature, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass, Julius Eastman, and John Adams. The term minimalist often colloquially refers to annihilation that is spare or stripped to its essentials. It has appropriately been used to describe the plays and novels of Samuel Beckett, the films of Robert Bresson, the stories of Raymond Carver, and the automobile designs of Colin Chapman. The discussion was first used in English language in the early on 20th century to describe a 1915 composition by the Russian painter Kasimir Malevich, Black Square.[iii]

Visual arts [edit]

Minimalism in visual fine art, generally referred to as "minimal art", "literalist fine art"[iv] and "ABC Art",[5] emerged in New York in the early 1960s as new and older artists moved toward geometric abstraction; exploring via painting in the cases of Nassos Daphnis, Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland, Al Held, Ellsworth Kelly, Robert Ryman and others; and sculpture in the works of various artists including David Smith and Anthony Caro. Judd's sculpture was showcased in 1964 at Green Gallery in Manhattan, as were Flavin's first fluorescent calorie-free works, while other leading Manhattan galleries like Leo Castelli Gallery and Stride Gallery also began to showcase artists focused on geometric abstraction.

In a more than broad and general sense, one finds European roots of minimalism in the geometric abstractions of painters associated with the Bauhaus, in the works of Kazimir Malevich, Piet Mondrian and other artists associated with the De Stijl movement, and the Russian Constructivist movement, and in the piece of work of the Romanaian sculptor Constantin Brâncuși.[6] [seven]

Minimal art is also inspired in role by the paintings of Barnett Newman, Advertisement Reinhardt, Josef Albers, and the works of artists as diverse as Pablo Picasso, Marcel Duchamp, Giorgio Morandi, and others. Minimalism was also a reaction confronting the painterly subjectivity of Abstruse Expressionism that had been ascendant in the New York Schoolhouse during the 1940s and 1950s.[8]

Yves Klein had painted monochromes equally early on equally 1949, and held the offset individual exhibition of this piece of work in 1950—only his get-go public showing was the publication of the Artist's book Yves: Peintures in Nov 1954.[nine] [10]

Design, architecture, and spaces [edit]

The term minimalism is besides used to describe a tendency in design and architecture, wherein the subject is reduced to its necessary elements.[ citation needed ] Minimalist architectural designers focus on the connection betwixt ii perfect planes, elegant lighting, and the void spaces left by the removal of three-dimensional shapes in an architectural design.[ according to whom? ] [ citation needed ] Minimalist architecture became popular in the belatedly 1980s in London and New York,[11] where architects and style designers worked together in the boutiques to attain simplicity, using white elements, cold lighting, and large space with minimum objects and piece of furniture.

Minimalistic pattern has been highly influenced past Japanese traditional design and compages.[ citation needed ] The works of De Stijl artists are a major reference: De Stijl expanded the ideas of expression by meticulously organizing basic elements such as lines and planes.[ citation needed ] With regard to abode design, more attractive "minimalistic" designs are non truly minimalistic because they are larger, and utilize more expensive building materials and finishes.[ citation needed ]

At that place are observers who describe the emergence of minimalism as a response to the brashness and chaos of urban life. In Nippon, for example, minimalist architecture began to gain traction in the 1980s when its cities experienced rapid expansion and booming population. The blueprint was considered an antidote to the "overpowering presence of traffic, advert, jumbled building scales, and imposing roadways."[12] The cluttered environs was not only driven by urbanization, industrialization, and technology but also the Japanese feel of constantly having to demolish structures on account of the destruction wrought by Earth War II and the earthquakes, including the calamities it entails such equally burn down. The minimalist design philosophy did not arrive in Japan past manner of another country equally it was already part of the Japanese culture rooted on the Zen philosophy. There are those who specifically attribute the design movement to Japan'south spirituality and view of nature.[thirteen]

Architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886–1969) adopted the motto "Less is more" to describe his artful.[a] His tactic was one of arranging the necessary components of a edifice to create an impression of extreme simplicity—he enlisted every element and detail to serve multiple visual and functional purposes; for example, designing a floor to besides serve as the radiator, or a massive fireplace to also house the bathroom. Designer Buckminster Fuller (1895–1983) adopted the engineer'due south goal of "Doing more with less", merely his concerns were oriented toward applied science and technology rather than aesthetics.[14]

Concepts and pattern elements [edit]

The concept of minimalist architecture is to strip everything downwards to its essential quality and accomplish simplicity.[15] The thought is not completely without ornamentation,[xvi] but that all parts, details, and joinery are considered as reduced to a phase where no 1 can remove anything further to improve the design.[17]

The considerations for 'essences' are lite, grade, detail of material, space, place, and human condition.[18] Minimalist architects non simply consider the physical qualities of the building. They consider the spiritual dimension and the invisible, by listening to the figure and paying attention to details, people, space, nature, and materials.,[nineteen] assertive this reveals the abstract quality of something that is invisible and aids the search for the essence of those invisible qualities—such equally natural light, heaven, world, and air. In improver, they "open up a dialogue" with the surrounding environment to decide the virtually essential materials for the structure and create relationships between buildings and sites.[16]

In minimalist architecture, design elements strive to convey the message of simplicity. The basic geometric forms, elements without decoration, elementary materials and the repetitions of structures correspond a sense of club and essential quality.[xx] The movement of natural lite in buildings reveals simple and make clean spaces.[18] In the late 19th century as the arts and crafts motility became popular in United kingdom, people valued the attitude of 'truth to materials' with respect to the profound and innate characteristics of materials.[21] Minimalist architects humbly 'mind to figure,' seeking essence and simplicity by rediscovering the valuable qualities in simple and common materials.[xix]

Influences from Japanese tradition [edit]

Ryōan-ji dry garden. The dirt wall, which is stained by age with subtle brown and orangish tones, reflects "wabi" and the stone garden "sabi", together reflecting the Japanese worldview or aesthetic of "wabi-sabi".[22]

The idea of simplicity appears in many cultures, especially the Japanese traditional culture of Zen Philosophy. Japanese manipulate the Zen culture into artful and design elements for their buildings.[23] This idea of architecture has influenced Western Society, especially in America since the mid 18th century.[24] Moreover, it inspired the minimalist architecture in the 19th century.[17]

Zen concepts of simplicity transmit the ideas of freedom and essence of living.[17] Simplicity is not only aesthetic value, it has a moral perception that looks into the nature of truth and reveals the inner qualities and essence of materials and objects.[25] For example, the sand garden in Ryoanji temple demonstrates the concepts of simplicity and the essentiality from the considered setting of a few stones and a huge empty space.[26]

The Japanese aesthetic principle of Ma refers to empty or open space. It removes all the unnecessary internal walls and opens upwardly the space. The emptiness of spatial arrangement reduces everything downwards to the most essential quality.[27]

The Japanese aesthetic of wabi-sabi values the quality of uncomplicated and plain objects.[28] It appreciates the absenteeism of unnecessary features, treasures a life in quietness and aims to reveal the innate character of materials.[29] For example, the Japanese floral fine art, too known as Ikebana, has the central principle of letting the bloom express itself. People cut off the branches, leaves and blossoms from the plants and merely retain the essential part of the plant. This conveys the idea of essential quality and innate graphic symbol in nature.[30]

Minimalist architects and their works [edit]

The Japanese minimalist architect Tadao Ando conveys the Japanese traditional spirit and his own perception of nature in his works. His design concepts are materials, pure geometry and nature. He normally uses concrete or natural wood and basic structural course to achieve austerity and rays of lite in infinite. He also sets up dialogue between the site and nature to create human relationship and order with the buildings.[31] Ando's works and the translation of Japanese aesthetic principles are highly influential on Japanese architecture.[xiii]

Some other Japanese minimalist builder, Kazuyo Sejima, works on her own and in conjunction with Ryue Nishizawa, equally SANAA, producing iconic Japanese Minimalist buildings. Credited with creating and influencing a detail genre of Japanese Minimalism,[32] Sejimas delicate, intelligent designs may use white color, thin construction sections and transparent elements to create the astounding building type oft associated with minimalism. Works include New Museum (2010) New York City, Small-scale Firm (2000) Tokyo, Firm surrounded By Plum Trees (2003) Tokyo.

In Vitra Conference Pavilion, Weil am Rhein, 1993, the concepts are to bring together the relationships between building, human movement, site and nature. Which every bit one main point of minimalism credo that establish dialogue between the edifice and site. The building uses the elementary forms of circle and rectangle to dissimilarity the filled and void space of the interior and nature. In the foyer, at that place is a large mural window that looks out to the exterior. This achieves the simple and silence of architecture and enhances the light, air current, fourth dimension and nature in infinite.[33]

John Pawson is a British minimalist architect; his pattern concepts are soul, light, and order. He believes that though reduced ataxia and simplification of the interior to a point that gets across the idea of essential quality, there is a sense of clarity and richness of simplicity instead of emptiness. The materials in his design reveal the perception toward space, surface, and volume. Moreover, he likes to use natural materials considering of their aliveness, sense of depth and quality of an individual. He is also attracted past the important influences from Japanese Zen Philosophy.[34]

Calvin Klein Madison Avenue, New York, 1995–96, is a boutique that conveys Calvin Klein'south ideas of mode. John Pawson's interior design concepts for this project are to create uncomplicated, peaceful and orderly spatial arrangements. He used stone floors and white walls to achieve simplicity and harmony for space. He also emphasises reduction and eliminates the visual distortions, such as the air conditioning and lamps to attain a sense of purity for interior.[35]

Alberto Campo Baeza is a Castilian architect and describes his work as essential compages. He values the concepts of light, idea and space. Low-cal is essential and achieves the relationship betwixt inhabitants and the building. Ideas are to meet the function and context of space, forms, and structure. Space is shaped past the minimal geometric forms to avert decoration that is not essential.[36]

Literature [edit]

Literary minimalism is characterized by an economy with words and a focus on surface description. Minimalist writers eschew adverbs and prefer allowing context to dictate meaning. Readers are expected to take an active role in creating the story, to "choose sides" based on oblique hints and innuendo, rather than react to directions from the writer.[ citation needed ]

Some 1940s-era criminal offense fiction of writers such equally James M. Cain and Jim Thompson adopted a stripped-down, matter-of-fact prose manner to considerable issue; some[ who? ] classify this prose style as minimalism.

Another strand of literary minimalism arose in response to the metafiction tendency of the 1960s and early on 1970s (John Barth, Robert Coover, and William H. Gass). These writers were also thin with prose and kept a psychological distance from their subject thing.[ citation needed ]

Minimalist writers, or those who are identified with minimalism during certain periods of their writing careers, include the following: Raymond Carver,[37] Ann Beattie, Bret Easton Ellis, Charles Bukowski, Ernest Hemingway, Chiliad. J. Stevens, Amy Hempel, Bobbie Ann Bricklayer, Tobias Wolff, Grace Paley, Sandra Cisneros, Mary Robison, Frederick Barthelme, Richard Ford, Patrick Kingdom of the netherlands, Cormac McCarthy, and Alicia Erian.[ citation needed ]

American poets such as Stephen Crane, William Carlos Williams, early Ezra Pound, Robert Creeley, Robert Grenier, and Aram Saroyan are sometimes identified with their minimalist way. The term "minimalism" is likewise sometimes associated with the briefest of poetic genres, haiku, which originated in Nippon, but has been domesticated in English literature by poets such as Nick Virgilio, Raymond Roseliep, and George Swede.[ commendation needed ]

The Irish writer Samuel Beckett is well known for his minimalist plays and prose, every bit is the Norwegian writer Jon Fosse.[38]

Dimitris Lyacos'south With the People from the Span, combining elliptical monologues with a pared-downwards prose narrative is a contemporary instance of minimalist playwrighting.[39] [twoscore]

In his novel The Like shooting fish in a barrel Chain, Evan Dara includes a lx-folio section written in the fashion of musical minimalism, in detail inspired by composer Steve Reich. Intending to stand for the psychological state (agitation) of the novel's main character, the section's successive lines of text are built on repetitive and developing phrases.[ citation needed ]

Music [edit]

The term "minimal music" was derived around 1970 by Michael Nyman from the concept of minimalism, which was earlier applied to the visual arts.[41] [42] More precisely, information technology was in a 1968 review in The Spectator that Nyman first used the term, to describe a x-minute piano composition by the Danish composer Henning Christiansen, along with several other unnamed pieces played by Charlotte Moorman and Nam June Paik at the Constitute of Contemporary Arts in London.[43]

Yet, the roots of minimal music are older. In France between 1947 and 1948,[44] Yves Klein conceived his Monotone Symphony (1949, formally The Monotone-Silence Symphony) that consisted of a single 20-minute sustained chord followed by a 20-infinitesimal silence[45] [46] – a precedent to both La Monte Immature's drone music and John Cage's 4′33″.

Film and cinema [edit]

In picture show, minimalism usually is associated with filmmakers such every bit Robert Bresson, Carl Theodor Dreyer, and Yasujirō Ozu. Their films typically tell a unproblematic story with straightforward camera usage and minimal use of score. Paul Schrader named their kind of cinema: "transcendental movie house".[47] In the present, a delivery to minimalist filmmaking can be seen in low-budget film movements such as Dogme 95 and mumblecore. Abbas Kiarostami[48] and Elia Suleiman are besides considered creators of minimalistic films.[49]

The Minimalists – Joshua Fields Millburn, Ryan Nicodemus, and Matt D'Avella – directed and produced the film Minimalism: A Documentary,[50] which showcased the idea of minimal living in the modern earth.

Software and UI design [edit]

In software and user interface design, minimalism describes the usage of fewer pattern elements, flat design, fewer options and features, and tendentially less occupied screen space.

Examples [edit]

Galaxy S6

One example is the user interface of the Samsung Galaxy S6,[51] where many options and items from menus and settings were pruned.

Samsung 2015 stand up-by menu

The update to Android Lollipop removed the shortcuts to "Silent", "Vibration simply", and "Audio on" in the stand-by menu.[52]

iOS 7 and Android Lollipop update

The Android Lollipop update (late 2014–2015) practical to both stock Android and TouchWiz UI devices changes the appearance of the user interface, especially the setting menus[53] of which the use of icons, border lines, edges, and contrast elements accept been reduced to a minimum. Furthermore, the remaining icons have get less skeumorphistic and more abstract, adapting to flat pattern language. The density of the elements on the user interface has decreased. There is more than whitespace, or unoccupied screen space. Similar changes happened with the update from iOS 6 to iOS 7.

Context menu icons

In 2014, the icons from context menus of Samsung'due south TouchWiz applications (Samsung Gallery, Due south Browser, phone app, etc.) were pruned.

Unavailable options

Prior to Samsung'southward TouchWiz Nature UX three.0, menu options that are currently unavailable (east.m. "Search for text in page" in the Net browser during a page load) were shown, but grayed out, which has the advantage of informing the user near their existence only that the option is unavailable. Since then, unavailable options are hidden completely, which makes the context carte du jour occupy less screen space, simply it might cause the user to not realize immediately that the characteristic is unavailable.

Browser'due south URL bar merely shows domain proper noun

Started in Safari browser for iOS and adjusted by Samsung's "S Browser",[55] some browsers only show the domain name instead of the full URL, fifty-fifty if at that place is spare infinite in the URL bar.

Instagram website redesign

In June 2015, the layout of Instagram'south website was fully redesigned to resemble the mobile application and mobile website, pruning many user interface elements, for instance, the slideshow banner.

Skype pattern overhaul

Another instance is the Skype redesign[ when? ], where many icons from context menus were removed, colour gradients were replaced with apartment colors, and the density of user interface elements was decreased.

In other fields [edit]

Cooking [edit]

Breaking from the complex, hearty dishes established equally orthodox haute cuisine, nouvelle cuisine was a culinary movement that consciously drew from minimalism and conceptualism. Information technology emphasized more than basic flavors, careful presentation, and a less involved grooming process. The motion was mainly in vogue during the 1960s and 1970s, after which it in one case over again gave manner to more traditional haute cuisine, retroactively titled cuisine classique. Yet, the influence of nouvelle cuisine tin still be felt through the techniques it introduced.[56]

Fashion [edit]

The sheathing wardrobe is an case of minimalism in fashion. Synthetic of only a few staple pieces that exercise non go out of way, and generally dominated by only 1 or two colors, capsule wardrobes are meant to be lite, flexible and adjustable, and can be paired with seasonal pieces when the state of affairs calls for them.[57] The modern idea of a capsule wardrobe dates dorsum to the 1970s, and is credited to London boutique owner Susie Faux. The concept was farther popularized in the side by side decade by American way designer Donna Karan, who designed a seminal collection of sheathing workwear pieces in 1985.[58]

Science communication [edit]

To portray global warming to not-scientists, in 2018 British climate scientist Ed Hawkins developed warming stripes graphics that are deliberately devoid of scientific or technical indicia.[threescore] Hawkins explained that "our visual system will exercise the interpretation of the stripes without us even thinking about information technology".[61]

Warming stripe graphics resemble color field paintings in stripping out all distractions and using only colour to convey meaning.[62] Colour field pioneer artist Barnett Newman said he was "creating images whose reality is self-evident", an ethos that Hawkins is said to have practical to the problem of climate change and leading one commentator to remark that the graphics are "fit for the Museum of Mod Art or the Getty."[62]

See as well [edit]

  • Formalism (fine art)
  • Osculation principle
  • Lyrical abstraction
  • Neo-minimalism
  • Maximalism
  • Minimalism (calculating)
  • Simple living
  • List of minimalist artists

Notes and references [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ See Johnson 1947. A similar sentiment was conveyed by industrial designer Dieter Rams' motto, "Less but better."

References [edit]

  1. ^ "Christopher Desire, Minimalism, Grove Art Online, Oxford University Press, 2009". Moma.org. Retrieved 2014-06-27 .
  2. ^ "Minimalism". theartstory.org. 2012.
  3. ^ "Minimalism". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  4. ^ Fried, Michael (June 1967). "Art and Objecthood". Artforum. Vol. 5. pp. 12–23. Reprinted: "Fine art and Objecthood". Art and Objecthood: Essays and Reviews. Academy of Chicago Printing. 1998. pp. 148–172. ISBN0-226-26318-v.
  5. ^ Rose, Barbara. "ABC Art", Art in America 53, no. five (October–November 1965): 57–69.
  6. ^ "Maureen Mullarkey, Art Critical, Giorgio Morandi". Artcritical.com. October 2004. Retrieved 2014-06-27 .
  7. ^ Marzona, Daniel (2004). Daniel Marzona, Uta Grosenick; Minimal art, p.12. ISBN9783822830604 . Retrieved 2014-06-27 .
  8. ^ Battcock, Gregory (3 August 1995). Gregory Battcock, Minimal Art: a disquisitional anthology, pp 161–172. ISBN9780520201477 . Retrieved 2014-06-27 .
  9. ^ Hannah Weitemeier, Yves Klein, 1928–1962: International Klein Bluish, Original-Ausgabe (Cologne: Taschen, 1994), fifteen. ISBN 3-8228-8950-iv.
  10. ^ "Restoring the Immaterial: Study and Handling of Yves Klein's Bluish Monochrome (IKB42)". Modern Paint Uncovered.
  11. ^ Cerver 1997, pp. 8–eleven.
  12. ^ Ostwald, Michael; Vaughan, Josephine (2016). The Fractal Dimension of Architecture. Mathematics and the Built Surround. Cham, Switzerland: Birkhäuser; Springer International Publishing. p. 316. ISBN9783319324241.
  13. ^ a b Cerver 1997, p. thirteen.
  14. ^ Johnson 1947, p. 49.
  15. ^ Bertoni 2002, p. 10.
  16. ^ a b Rossell 2005, p. 6
  17. ^ a b c Pawson 1996, p. seven
  18. ^ a b Bertoni 2002, pp. 15–sixteen
  19. ^ a b Bertoni 2002, p. 21
  20. ^ Pawson 1996, p. eight.
  21. ^ Saito 2007, pp. 87–88.
  22. ^ 森神逍遥 『侘び然び幽玄のこころ』桜の花出版、2015年 Morigami Shouyo, " Wabi sabi yugen no kokoro: seiyo tetsugaku o koeru joi ishiki " (Japanese) ISBN 978-4434201424
  23. ^ Saito 2007, pp. 85–97.
  24. ^ Lancaster 1953, pp. 217–224.
  25. ^ Saito 2007, p. 87.
  26. ^ Pawson 1996, p. 98.
  27. ^ Bertoni 2002, p. 23.
  28. ^ Saito 2007, p. 85.
  29. ^ Pawson 1996, pp. 10–eleven.
  30. ^ Saito 2007, p. 86.
  31. ^ Bertoni 2002, pp. 96–106.
  32. ^ Puglisi, 50. P. (2008), New Directions in Contermporary Architecture, Chichester, John Wiley and Sons.
  33. ^ Cerver 1997, pp. 18–29.
  34. ^ Pawson 1996, pp. 10–14.
  35. ^ Cerver 1997, pp. 170–177.
  36. ^ Bertoni 2002, p. 182.
  37. ^ Wiegand, David (2009-12-19). "Serendipitous stay led writer to Raymond Carver". San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2022-03-31 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  38. ^ Davies, Paul. "Samuel Beckett". Literary Encyclopedia . Retrieved two Dec 2016.
  39. ^ "From the Ruins of Europe: Lyacos'southward Debt-Riddled Greece" by Joseph Labernik, Tikkun, 21 Baronial 2015
  40. ^ "The Commonline Journal: Review of Dimitris Lyacos's With the People from the Bridge | Editor Note by Ada Fetters". Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Archived 2015-12-08 at the Wayback Motorcar [ dead link ]
  41. ^ Bernard, Jonathan W. (Wintertime 1993). "The Minimalist Artful in the Plastic Arts and in Music". Perspectives of New Music. 31 (1): 87. doi:10.2307/833043. JSTOR 833043. , citing Dan Warburton as his authority.
  42. ^ Warburton, Dan. "A Working Terminology for Minimal Music". Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  43. ^ Nyman, Michael (eleven October 1968). "Minimal Music". The Spectator. Vol. 221, no. 7320. pp. 518–519 (519).
  44. ^ "Yves Klein (1928–1962)". documents/biography. Yves Klein Athenaeum & McDourduff. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  45. ^ Gilbert Perlein & Bruno Corà (eds) & al., Yves Klein: Long Live the Immaterial! ("An anthological retrospective", catalog of an exhibition held in 2000), New York: Delano Greenidge, 2000, ISBN 978-0-929445-08-3, p. 226: "This symphony, 40 minutes in length (in fact 20 minutes followed by 20 minutes of silence) is constituted of a single 'sound' stretched out, deprived of its attack and end which creates a sensation of vertigo, whirling the sensibility outside fourth dimension."
  46. ^ See also at YvesKleinArchives.org a 1998 audio excerpt of The Monotone Symphony Archived 2008-12-08 at the Wayback Machine (Flash plugin required), its short clarification Archived 2008-10-28 at the Wayback Machine, and Klein'due south "Chelsea Hotel Manifesto" Archived 2010-06-13 at the Wayback Machine (including a summary of the 2-office Symphony).
  47. ^ Paul Schrader on Revisiting Transcendental Manner in Moving picture. 2017 Toronto International Picture Festival – via YouTube.
  48. ^ "Gustation of Blood-red | Cinematheque". Cleveland Institute of Art. September 2016. Retrieved 2022-01-fourteen .
  49. ^ Gautaman Bhaskaran (2019-10-23). "Information technology Must Be Heaven: Elia Suleiman's sardonic take on the world". Arab News . Retrieved 2022-01-fourteen .
  50. ^ "Films past The Minimalists". The Minimalists . Retrieved 2019-04-09 .
  51. ^ Hyun Yeul Lee'south speech on Samsung Galaxy Unpacked 2015 – Episode i (2015-03-01). Notice the excessive usage of marketing buzzwords
  52. ^ Samsung stand up-by menu before and since Android 5.
  53. ^ Screenshot of Samsung Milky way S4 settings menu with Android 4.four.2 (earlier update) and Android 5.0 (after update), reducing border lines and using more abstruse icons rather than skeumorphs.
  54. ^ Samsung'south chromium-based Internet browser (Google Play shop: "com.sec.android.app.sbrowser").
  55. ^ Mennel, Stephan. All Manners of Food: eating and taste in England and France from the Middle Ages to the present. 2nd ed., (Chicago: Academy of Illinois Press, 1996), 163-164.
  56. ^ Susie, Faux. "Capsule Wardrobe". Archived from the original on iv Jan 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  57. ^ "Donna Karan". voguepedia. Vogue. Archived from the original on fourteen April 2012. Retrieved 6 Apr 2012.
  58. ^ Information: "Land + Sea (1850 – Recent) / Monthly Global Average Temperature (annual summary)". Berkeley Earth. 2019. Archived from the original on Dec 8, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  59. ^ Kahn, Brian (June 17, 2019). "This Striking Climate change Visualization Is Now Customizable for Any Place on World". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019. Retrieved July x, 2019.
  60. ^ Staff, Scientific discipline AF (May 25, 2018). "This Has Got to Be One of The About Beautiful And Powerful Climate change Visuals We've E'er Seen". Scientific discipline Alert. Archived from the original on June 28, 2019.
  61. ^ a b Kahn, Brian (May 25, 2018). "This Climate Visualization Belongs in a Damn Museum". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on June 19, 2019.

Sources [edit]

  • Bertoni, Franco (2002). Minimalist Architecture, edited by Franco Cantini, translated from the Italian by Lucinda Byatt and from the Spanish by Paul Hammond. Basel, Boston, and Berlin: Birkhäuser. ISBN 3-7643-6642-seven.
  • Cerver, Francisco Asencio (1997). The Architecture of Minimalism. New York: Arco. ISBN0-8230-6149-3.
  • Johnson, Philip (1947). Mies van der Rohe. Museum of Modern Fine art.
  • Lancaster, Clay (September 1953). "Japanese Buildings in the United States before 1900: Their Influence upon American Domestic Compages". The Art Bulletin. 35 (3): 217–224. doi:10.1080/00043079.1953.11408188.
  • Pawson, John (1996). Minimum. London, England: Phaidon Press. ISBN0-7148-3262-6.
  • Rossell, Quim (2005). Minimalist Interiors. New York: Collins Design. ISBN0-688-17487-half dozen.
  • Saito, Yuriko (Winter 2007). "The Moral Dimension of Japanese Aesthetics". The Journal of Aesthetics and Fine art Criticism. 65 (1): 85–97. doi:10.1111/j.1540-594X.2007.00240.x.

Farther reading [edit]

  • Chayka, Kyle (2020). The Longing for Less: Living with Minimalism. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN9781635572100.
  • Keenan, David, and Michael Nyman (4 February 2001). "Claim to Frame". Sunday Herald

External links [edit]

  • Media related to Minimalism at Wikimedia Commons
  • Agence Photographique de la Réunion des musées nationaux et du One thousand Palais des Champs-Elysées
  • "A Short History of Minimalism—Donald Judd, Richard Wollheim, and the origins of what we now describe every bit minimalist" By Kyle Chayka January 14, 2020 The Nation

juddyoubtlears.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalism

Yorum Gönder for "Christopher Want Minimalism Grove Art Online Oxford University Press 2009"